two participles which follow explain the kind of conceit Paul has in mind: provoking and challenging other members of the community (prokaloumenoi); being envious of other members of the community (phthonontes). Envy is one of the works listed above (v. 21), and it is found in other lists as well (Rom 1:29; 1 Tim 6:4; Titus 3:3; 1 Pet 2:1). Paul’s moral exhortation began in the previous unit (5:13–15). Reminding the Galatians that they have been called to freedom, he warned them that
Page 205